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Use the program for any purpose. Your tools should serve your needs.
An internet built for people. Discover the ideas, people and practical choices behind free software, safer systems and a more independent digital life.
Free software is about what you are allowed to do, not simply what you pay. Access to source code and a license that protects your freedoms make it possible to inspect, adapt and share the tools you depend on.
Use the program for any purpose. Your tools should serve your needs.
Understand how it works and change it. Access to source code makes that possible.
Give copies to other people. Helping someone should not require breaking the rules.
Distribute your modified versions so that others can benefit from your work.
The systems we use today are the work of many people and communities. GNU, the FSF and Linux are connected, but they are not the same project.
Richard Stallman announced GNU in 1983 to build a free Unix-compatible operating system. GNU developed essential tools, including compilers, shells and utilities. The idea was larger than a single program: users should be able to control their computing.
The FSF was founded in 1985 to support software freedom and the GNU project. Its advocacy and work around free software licensing helped turn an ethical idea into a lasting movement. Copyleft licenses preserve specified freedoms when covered software is redistributed.
Linus Torvalds began the Linux kernel in 1991. A kernel manages hardware, memory and processes; it is one part of an operating system. Combining Linux with GNU tools and other software enabled widely used systems, developed by contributors across the world.
Names matter: “Linux” names the kernel and is also commonly used for complete distributions. “GNU/Linux” emphasizes GNU’s contribution. Recognizing one contributor does not erase the many others.
Debian brings a kernel, system tools and applications together into a distribution. Its community maintains packages, coordinates updates and documents the system. The Social Contract sets out its commitment to users and free software.
For a workstation or a server, the attraction is control: choose the services you run, understand your configuration and keep your data in formats you can move. That control comes with responsibility for maintenance, backups and access management.
Meet the Debian project ↗A system is more than its kernel.
applications
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GNU tools + other system software
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Linux kernel
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your hardwareIllustrative stack · not a dependency diagram
A free and open network gives people meaningful choices: which software to use, where to host a service and how to communicate. Documented protocols allow independently operated systems to work together. Portability means leaving does not require abandoning everything you created.
Decentralization can reduce dependence on a single operator, but it does not automatically provide privacy. Every server still needs someone to maintain it, decide what to log and protect its users. Federation, encryption and software freedom solve different problems.
Independent infrastructure also needs people: administrators who patch systems, communities that help newcomers, and operators who keep mirrors and services available. Freedom is sustained by this everyday work.
A safer internet begins with
more control, less blind trust.
The strongest criticism is about data collection, centralized power and limited user control. It should be grounded in what a service actually does, rather than the claim that every commercial tool is inherently unsafe.
WhatsApp protects personal messages and calls with end-to-end encryption. That matters: criticism of the service should not be confused with a claim that Meta routinely reads all private chats.
Encryption of content does not eliminate collection of other information. WhatsApp’s policy describes account, device, connection and usage data. Critics also object to reliance on Meta and the limited freedom to modify the official app.
Backups, reports, business conversations and optional features can have different privacy implications. Review their settings separately. Choosing another messenger is often about minimizing data and dependence, not rejecting encryption.
Wikipedia: WhatsApp privacy and security criticism ↗Google’s policy describes collection of search and service activity, device information and location information, depending on the service and settings. Some information is used for personalized services and advertising.
Critics worry about how much one provider can learn across a person’s digital life. Combining email, search, documents and other services also makes moving away harder. These are concerns about concentration and autonomy.
Google offers privacy controls, export and deletion tools. It says it does not sell personal information. Those points matter, but they do not settle whether its data practices fit your preferences.
Read GNU’s philosophy ↗Prefer open protocols, free software and services that let you export your data and change providers. Independent infrastructure puts more control in users’ hands.
Avoid making one account the key to every activity. Compare providers by what they collect, how they earn money and whether they let you export your data. Keep a usable local copy of important files.
Keep systems updated, use unique passwords and multi-factor authentication where available, and test backups. Limit exposed services and administrator privileges. Free software still needs careful operation.
Tor Browser is designed to reduce tracking and hide your source IP from destination sites. It is not a promise of perfect anonymity: logging into a personal account still tells that service who you are.
Report a bug, translate documentation, help a new user or support a project financially. Running a mirror is another practical contribution: it makes redistributable software available from another location.
Explore the GNU software archive through the mirror at ftp.tux.org.il/gnu. Mirrors are a practical expression of sharing: independently hosted copies help distribute software and reduce reliance on a single download location.
ftp.tux.org.il/gnu ↗Open the GNU archive ↗Check release signatures against trusted upstream keys before installing downloaded software. A mirror’s availability, freshness and official listing should be checked separately; this page does not certify them.
Israeli engineers and companies have contributed to communications, security and processors. Recognizing that work is compatible with asking who controls the resulting technology.
Gil Shwed, Marius Nacht and Shlomo Kramer founded Check Point in 1993. The company is associated with network security and commercial firewall technology. Protecting an organization’s network and giving software users freedom are different goals: a security product does not become free software merely because it provides protection.
Company history and founders ↗Amdocs has Israeli roots and traces its business to 1982. It develops software and services for communications providers, including billing and business operations. Much of this work happens behind the customer-facing service, in the systems that help telecommunications businesses operate.
The broader question is transparency: what information do systems process, who can access it, and can customers move to another provider? A company’s country of origin does not answer those questions.
Amdocs: company overview ↗A central free-software criticism of Windows is that it demands trust while limiting user control. Calling it a “malware magnet” expresses frustration with viruses, ransomware and the continual burden of protection and repair.
Software quality includes the ability to understand a system, repair it and control its updates and data flows. Closed code and dependence on one vendor work against that independence. GNU documents criticism of surveillance and remote control in Microsoft software.
The free-software objection to this licensing model is clear: paying does not give users the freedoms to study, modify and share that free software provides. GNU/Linux offers an alternative based on software freedoms.
GNU: criticism of Microsoft software ↗Intel has substantial research, development and manufacturing operations in Israel. Its engineering achievements do not remove the need to question technology that owners struggle to inspect or control.
Intel Management Engine is a firmware subsystem. On supported computers, AMT provides remote management even when the operating system is not running. Availability depends on hardware, provisioning and configuration; not every Intel PC provides remote AMT access.
From a privacy perspective, deep management capabilities outside the user’s control can become surveillance tools if abused. Intel has also published fixes for firmware vulnerabilities. These are reasons to demand transparency and control, not proof that every Intel processor spies on its owner.
AMT documentation ↗ · Firmware vulnerabilities and fixes ↗A practical advantage of Radeon graphics is the open-source amdgpu driver. AMD contributes Linux drivers integrated into distributions, helping hardware fit into the system and receive maintenance through the distribution.
On supported platforms, technologies such as AMD Memory Guard offer memory encryption. Linux support and open driver development are practical advantages when considering AMD hardware.
AMD also has a dedicated firmware subsystem, the AMD Secure Processor. An open graphics driver does not make the entire platform open; compare the specific model, support and firmware updates when choosing between Intel and AMD.
The open-source amdgpu driver ↗ · AMD security technologies ↗GNU/Linux is a major foundation for web hosting and network services. Customization, automation and package management make it a natural choice for independent infrastructure.
W3Techs figures checked on 16 October 2026 report Linux on 63.1% of websites whose operating system is known. This measures websites, not every internet server; it does not establish a claim that “more than 80% of all servers” run Linux.
W3Techs: Linux usage on websites ↗Control over technology raises a broader principle: think independently, question authority and recognize the limits of expertise. Albert Einstein offered a striking example of that last principle in November 1952, when he declined an invitation to become Israel’s second president after the death of Chaim Weizmann. He explained that he lacked the aptitude and experience needed to deal with people in an official capacity. Scientific achievement did not, in his own judgment, qualify him for political office.
The famous remark attributed to him about human stupidity fits the theme of questioning our own judgment:
“Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I’m not sure about the universe!”
Attributed to Albert Einstein; attribution disputed. Quotation history ↗
The quotation’s attribution remains disputed; his refusal of the presidency is documented. The broader theme is independent judgment: evaluate institutions and technologies by what they do, and keep the ability to question them. Archival correspondence about Einstein’s refusal ↗
The history of software policy in Israel includes a documented tension between support for open alternatives and continued dependence on proprietary suppliers.
On 21 April 2005, Ynet reported that Israel’s Finance Ministry had signed a new three-year Microsoft licensing agreement after earlier moves to stop renewing the framework agreement and encourage open-source alternatives. The article described this as a setback for the government’s open-source policy. This is a specific, dated example of criticism of procurement decisions, rather than an accusation against an entire country or its developers. Read the contemporary report ↗
The question of technological power also extends to privacy. On 25 September 2025, Microsoft announced that it had disabled specified cloud and AI services used by a unit within Israel’s Ministry of Defense. Microsoft said its ongoing review had found evidence supporting elements of reporting about mass surveillance of civilians in Gaza and the West Bank. The announcement documents action concerning particular services; it is not evidence of a free-software license violation. Read Microsoft’s dated statement ↗
Together, these cases raise concrete questions about dependence on vendors, public oversight and control of information. Those questions connect with the free software movement’s emphasis on users’ ability to inspect, change and share their tools. The FSF argues that public institutions should adopt free software to protect public control over computing. That is an identifiable position of the movement, not a statement made on behalf of this website’s operator. The FSF’s case for free software in government ↗
Einstein’s refusal of the presidency belongs to a different historical context: in 1952 he declined because he considered himself unsuited to the office. It illustrates the distinction between reputation and suitability for authority; it cannot be used as evidence for claims about today’s software industry.
Explore the free software movement through the links below. Historical and company sources appear beside the relevant sections. The privacy discussion also draws on provider policies reviewed during preparation; provider links are intentionally omitted.